Understanding Learners’ Characteristics And Islamic Religious Education (PAI) Instructional Materials For Determining Learning Activities

Abstract

The teaching of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in the modern context requires the integration of value-based and attitude-based approaches as key strategies for shaping students’ character. This article examines the importance of a value-based approach that emphasizes the internalization of aqidah, sharia, and akhlaq, alongside an attitude-based approach that highlights the habituation of Islamic behavior. Using a literature review method, the author analyzes various learning models—such as role modeling, project-based learning, and social simulation—that are effective in strengthening students’ character. In addition, the discussion addresses the importance of contextual, interdisciplinary, and applicative learning materials to support meaningful learning. The findings indicate that integrating both approaches enhances the effectiveness of PAI instruction in developing morally grounded and responsible individuals. The primary innovation of this study lies in its integrative conceptual formulation that systematically combines value-based and attitude-based approaches as a holistic PAI learning model, an area that has been insufficiently explored in previous research. This study also contributes a new theoretical framework for developing PAI learning strategies that are adaptive to the dynamics of 21st-century education, including aspects of digitalization and character education grounded in Islamic values. The research provides recommendations for curriculum reformulation and the enhancement of teacher professionalism to ensure that religious education remains relevant to contemporary challenges.