Current and Future Advancements in miRNA Therapeutics Delivery Systems for Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

MicroRNA (miRNA) therapeutics offer a promising approach to treating complex diseases by modulating gene expression. However, challenges such as instability, poor cellular uptake, off-target effects, and immune responses limit their clinical use. This review synthesizes recent advancements in delivery systems aimed at overcoming these challenges, with a focus on regenerative medicine. A systematic review of the past decade’s literature highlights key delivery platforms, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, and exosome-based systems. Lipid-based systems, such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, provide enhanced stability and targeted delivery, particularly in cancer and cardiovascular therapies. Polymeric carriers, like PLGA and chitosan nanoparticles, enable controlled release and improved biocompatibility for long-term applications. Exosome-based delivery systems mimic natural cellular communication, facilitating efficient miRNA transfer with reduced immunogenicity. The review underscores the importance of chemical modifications, endocytosis-enhancing strategies, and stimuli-responsive materials in optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Combining bioengineering advancements with artificial intelligence holds potential to refine delivery systems and expedite clinical translation. Despite these innovations, challenges like scalability, regulatory issues, and manufacturing costs remain barriers to widespread adoption. This study highlights key opportunities and outlines future research directions to establish miRNA therapeutics as a cornerstone in regenerative medicine.