Presidential Threshold in Indonesia’s 2024 Elections: A Constitutional Analysis
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper examines the regulation and implementation of the presidential threshold for political parties or coalitions nominating candidates for President and Vice President in Indonesia’s 2024 simultaneous general elections. While previous studies have extensively debated the political and democratic implications of the presidential threshold, limited attention has been given to its constitutional legitimacy in the context of simultaneous elections following Constitutional Court Decision Number 14/PUU-XI/2013. This gap becomes particularly significant in light of the 2024 elections, which fully implement the simultaneous electoral model mandated by the Court. General elections constitute a constitutional mechanism for leadership succession in accordance with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. However, the persistence of the presidential threshold requirement under Article 222 of Law Number 7 of 2017 raises critical constitutional questions regarding equality of political rights, fair representation, and the coherence of electoral design within a simultaneous system. This study employs a normative legal research method supported by an analysis of primary and secondary legal materials, including constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, and relevant Constitutional Court decisions. Through a doctrinal and interpretative approach, this research seeks to clarify the constitutional reasoning underlying the presidential threshold and to evaluate its consistency with constitutional principles and Pancasila as the philosophical foundation of the state. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the constitutional tension between the open legal policy doctrine affirmed in Constitutional Court Decision Number 52/PUU-XX/2022 and the substantive constitutional values of popular sovereignty, political equality, and justice within a simultaneous electoral framework. The study has two main findings. First, the legitimacy of the presidential threshold in the 2024 simultaneous elections is formally grounded in Constitutional Court Decision Number 52/PUU-XX/2022, which affirms that determining nomination thresholds constitutes an open legal policy of the legislature. Second, despite its formal legitimacy, the continued application of the presidential threshold in the 2024 simultaneous elections demonstrates substantive constitutional inconsistencies, as it potentially contradicts the spirit of the 1945 Constitution and the philosophical values of Pancasila, particularly in relation to democratic inclusiveness and equal political opportunity. By situating the presidential threshold debate within the framework of constitutional design and simultaneous elections, this study contributes to the ongoing scholarly discourse by offering a more integrated constitutional analysis that bridges doctrinal interpretation and democratic theory.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Mukhlis, L. (2025a). A Phenomenological Study of Personal Spiritual Experiences in Navigating Religious Pluralism within Interfaith Communities. Irfana: Journal of Religious Studies, 1(6), 212–220.
Mukhlis, L. (2025b). Spiritual Grounds for Economic Growth: A Qualitative Exploration of Rural Indonesian Women’s Transformative Journeys Through Mosque-Led Empowerment Programs. Servina: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(8), 289–298.
Mukhlis, L., & Abdullah, M. N. (2025). Hukum Keluarga Islam di Indonesia (1st ed.). Mukhlisina Revolution Center.
Mukhlis, L., Arifin, T., Ridwan, A. H., & Zulbaidah. (2024). Integrating Artificial Intelligenceand Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah: Revolutionizing Indonesia’s Sharia Online Trading System. Computer Fraud and Security, 2024(11), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.52710/cfs.238
Mukhlis, L., Arifin, T., Ridwan, A. H., & Zulbaidah. (2025). Reorientation of Sharia Stock Regulations: Integrating Taṣarrufāt al-Rasūl and Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah for Justice and Sustainability. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(10s), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i10s.1341
Mukhlis, L., Arifin, T., Ridwan, A. H., Zulbaidah, Rosadi, A., & Solehudin, E. (2025). Reformulation of Islamic Stock Law: The Application of Taṣarrufāt al-Rasūl and Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ahto Develop a Dynamic and Sustainable Islamic Capital Market in Indonesia. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.63332/joph.v5i3.913
Mukhlis, L., Janwari, Y., & Syafe`i, R. (2023). INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE: THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MUDHARABAH AND MUSYARAKAH CONTRACTS. Yurisprudentia: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi, 9(2), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.24952/yurisprudentia.v9i2.8466
Mukhlis, L., Maryam, S., & Sormin, S. A. (2023). Model Pembelajaran Living History Berbasis PjBL Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Histografi Mahasiswa. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 9(4), 1800–1809. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v9i4.5595
Mukhlis, L., & Saidah, Y. (2025). Dynamics of Nature-Based learning in Developing Children’s Motoricic Skills: Teacher and Parent Perspectives. HUMANISMA: Journal of Gender Studies, 9(1), 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v4i2.9366
Mukhlis, L., Suradi, Janwari, Y., & Syafe`i, R. (2023). Sosialisasi Saham Syariah sebagai Instrumen Pengembangan Ekonomi Masyarakat di Badan Kontak Majelis Taklim (BKMT) Kabupaten Mandailing Natal. Jurnal Pengabdian Multidisiplin, 3(2), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.51214/japamul.v3i2.604
Jamaluddin Ghafur dan Allan Fatchan Gani Wardhana, Presidential Threshold; Sejarah, Konsep dan Ambang Batas Persyaratan Pencalonan dalam Tata Hukum di Indonesia, Stara Press, Malang,2019
Jimly Asshiddiqie. 2010. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Utama.
Muhadam Labolo, Partai Politik dan Sistem Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia: Teori, Konsep dan Isu Strategis, Cetakan Pertama, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, 2015,
Ni’matul Huda dan Imam Nasef, Penataan Demokrasi dan Pemilu di Indonesia Pasca-Reformasi, Kencana Jakarta, 2017
Saldi Isra, Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia, 1st ed, Raja Grafindo Persada, Depok,(2019)
Agus Riswanto, Melawan oligarki 2020, CV. Nas Media Pustaka. Jakarta 2020
UNDANG- UNDANG :
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945, Pasal 1 (2) , Pasal 4 (1) Pasal 6A, 6A (2) , 6 A (3), Pasal 22 E (2), Pasal 22 E (3) danPasal 22 E (5)
Undang-Undang Nomor. 2 Tahun 1999 tentang Partai Politik
Undang-Undang Nomor. 23 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemilu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden/Undang-Undang Pemilihan Presiden I
Undang-Undang Nomor. 20 Tahun 2004 tentang Peenetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor: 2 Tahun 2000 tentang Perunahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor. 12 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemilihan Umum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah
Undang-Undang Nomor. 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
Undang-Undang Nomor. 42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 52/PUU-VI/2008 jo Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 52/PUU-VI/2013 jo Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 59/PUU-VI/201 tentang Menguji Konstitusionalitas presidential threshold Pasal 9 Undang-Undang Nomor42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden (Pemilihan Presiden II)
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 14/PUU-XI/2013 jo Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 14/PUU-XI/2013 tentan Pemilihan Umum Serantak
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 53/PUU-XV/2017 tentang Syarat VerifikasiU lang Partai Politik dan Syarat Ambang Batas Minimum Perolehan Suara Partai Politik Untuk Pengajuan Pasangan Calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 52/PUU-XX/2022 tentang Presidential Threshold Syah dan Konstitusional. Presidential Threshold Merupakan Kebijakan Hukum Terbuka (open legal policy) bagi Pembentuk Undang-Undang
JURNAL / MEDIA :
Achmad Edi Subiyanto, “Pemilihan Umum Serentak yang Berintegritas sebagai Pembaharu Demokrasi Indonesia”, Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 17, No. 2, Juni 2020
Ansori, L.. Telaah Terhadap Presidential Threshold Dalam Pemilu Serentak 2019. Jurnal Yuridis, 2017
Antara News. (2021). Pakar Politik Sebut Ambang Batas Pencalonan Presiden Ancam Persatuan Nasional. Diakses dari https://www.jpnn.com/news/pakar- politik-sebut-ambang-batas-pencalonan-presiden-ancam-persatuan-nasional. tanggal 28 oktober 2022
Aprilian Sumodiningrat, “Meninjau Ulang Ketentuan Presiantial Threshold Dalam Pemilihan Presiden Dan Wakil Presiden,” Jurnal Kajian Pembaruan Hukum Volume 1, no. 1 (2021).
Asmussen, C. B., & Møller, C. (2019). Smart Literature Review: a Practical Topic Modelling Approach to Exploratory Literature Review. Journal of Big Data, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0255-7
Baskoro, Aji. “Presidential Threshold Di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Maslahah Mursalah Jilid 2, Nomor 2 Tahun, 2019 Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar,
Dewa Putu Wahyu Jati Pradnyana, I Gede Yusa & Ni Luh Gede Astariyani, “Analisa Hukum Ambang Batas Pencalonan Presiden (Presidential Threshold) dalam Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pemilihan Umum” (2018) 6:4 Kertha Negara Jurnal Ilmu Hukum.
Gotfirdus Goris Seran, Konstitusionalitas dan Desain Pemilukada Langsung Serentak Nasional, Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 16 No. 3, September 2019)
Kuswanto Kusnadi, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Volume 5 Nomor 1, Oktober (2020) “Mahkamah Konstitusi dan Upaya Menegakkan Asas Presidensialisme di Indonesia), Fakultas Hukum Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
Lutfil Ansori, “Telaah Terhadap Presidential Threshold dalam Pemilu Serentak 2019”, Jurnal Yuridis, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2017, hlm. 1
Rahmat Teguh Santoso Gobel, “Rekonseptualisasi Ambang Batas Pencalonan Presiden Dan Wakil Presiden (Presidential Thresold) Dalam Pemilu Serentak,” Jambura Law Review Volume 1, no. 01 (January 2019)
Republik Indonesia, putusan MK Nomor 71/PUU-XI/2017 tentang perkara Pengujian Undang Undang Nomor 7 tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum terhadap UUD NRI16 Jimly Asshiddiqie, Pokok-Pokok Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia Pasca Reformasi, Buana Ilmu, Jakarta, 2007, hlm. 316
Retno Saraswati, “Desain Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensial Yang Efektif”, Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Jilid 41, No. 1 Januari 2012, hlm. 138
Tsabbit Aqdamana, Jurnal Hukum Kenegaraan dan politik Islam , Vol.2, No.2, Tahun 2022 Problematika Penerapan Presidential Threshold 20% Dalam Sistem Presidensial Indonesia